Deliverable 3.1 presents a comprehensive analysis of policy instruments used across a range of EU Member States to influence land-use decisions, with a particular focus on climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. The report reviews how different national approaches shape land management practices in agriculture and forestry, highlighting the diversity of tools currently in use across Europe.
The analysis categorizes policy instruments into regulatory, economic, informational and voluntary measures, as well as other complementary instruments and incentives. Together, these tools play a key role in promoting more sustainable land-use practices, from spatial planning and environmental standards to financial incentives, certification schemes, and awareness-raising initiatives. By examining how these instruments function in practice, the report illustrates their strengths, limitations, and potential for achieving climate and biodiversity objectives.
A central finding of Deliverable 3.1 is the importance of tailoring policy instruments to national and regional contexts. Rather than relying on one-size-fits-all solutions, effective land-use governance depends on policy mixes that reflect local environmental conditions, institutional settings, and stakeholder needs. The report therefore emphasizes the value of combining regulatory approaches with incentives and participatory instruments to improve both environmental outcomes and social acceptance.
Overall, Deliverable 3.1 highlights the multifaceted nature of land-use policy and underscores the critical role of well-designed policy instruments in addressing climate change and biodiversity loss across Europe.